Unequal Resources

What do we mean by hierarchy? Hierarchy is system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority. 2. What do we mean by high-status people? High-status people could mean people with money that have power or people like celebrities that have power in Hollywood. 3. What do we mean by low-status people? Low-status people could be people don't know much about what is going on or don't have much say in anything that is going on around them. How do you define persuasion? Persuasion is the action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something. 5. What is the difference between persuasion and dominance? Persuasion is convincing someone to believe in something and dominance is like someone making others going along with what they believe In. 6. How does Social Dominance Theory compare to Charles Darning's theory of survival of the fittest?Survival of the fittest is all about the strongest/ smartest pers on serves as for the social dominance theory Is a theory of Intercrop relations that focuses on the maintenance and stability of group-based social hierarchies. Ranking Vases of Power Exercise on Page 217 Least effective = 1 Most effective = 6 2 3 6 Deliver positive/remove negative consequences. Mete out negative or remove positive consequences. Have a high position In the group. Model behavioral and personnel qualities that others respect. 5 Possess expertise. Possesses resources or Information. 4 P. S.Sorry I lost my paper but all the questions are answered and they are all there. Unequal Resources By synonymously 1. What do we mean by hierarchy? Someone making others going along with what they believe in. 6. How does Social Survival of the fittest is all about the strongest/ smartest person services as for the social dominance theory is a theory of intercrop relations that focuses on the Deliver positive/remove negative consequences. Have a high position in the group. Model behav ioral and personnel qualities that others respect. Possesses resources or information.

Envy is a Sin

As all emotions, envy is socially constructed. Individual interaction, class variation and social institutions like schools, family, religion, and politics define envy for us. Envy is dependent on the beliefs about wealth, status, power, and how they ought to be distributed. In less complex societies envious objects are food, babies, and health; but in more complex societies they are wealth, status, and power. Envy, which is often mislabeled as jealousy, is hostility towards superiors. In an unequal situation, or comparison the envious has, not a mere wish, but a malicious wish that the other would lose his advantage (Foster, 1972:167). Though condemned in all cultures and repressed in nearly every individual, envy has a function in society. Schoeck points out that envy is almost a taboo-topic in daily conversation, in research, and in literature. This condemning and repression is what allows envy to work. Envy in excess of that minimum is a surplus, which can do more harm than good (Schoeck, 1970:348). In societies where envy is high productivity is low and where envy is low productivity is high. Envy is our drive for innovation and competition, though if not controlled causes poverty and revolutions. Management of envy is key to social order. In order to minimize envy we must always rationalize our inequalities through modest statements such as; â€Å"Luck†, â€Å"God†s will†, and â€Å"hard work†, which date back through the history of the Greeks, Roman Catholic Church, and the Protestant Work Ethic. Although possibly the rich are wealth addicts, thriving on the envy of others, and the rest are all closet addicts fooled into believing that they will one day be rich too (Slater, 1980:16).

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us Essay Example for Free

Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us Essay Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us BY shaker71493 Jacob Nieuwenhuis Contemporary Issues MSR 10 March 2010 Universal Health Care in the United States â€Å"Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive. It would be better to live under robber barons than under omnipotent moral busybodies. The robber baron’s cruelty may sometimes sleep. His cupidity may at some time point be satisfied; but those who torment us for our own good will torment us without end for they do so with the approval of their own conscience. The issue of universal health care taking over the present health care system has become a heated topic all over America. With President Obama’s promise to pass a bill that will give government coverage to all Americans, most people were happy that health care would become more affordable for them. But is this the case? There has been a stiff opposition to the passing of any bill of this kind throughout the entire process, but the longer a bill stays in circulation the more time people have to form an opinion on the issue. With the law in effect now the issue now turns to if this will e better off for America in the long run, and if there is any good to such a system. History has a lot to say about socialized medicine. There have been many countries, not only socialistic countries which have used a public method of offering medicine. A few of these countries are Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, and also the European system. These systems will be analyzed from their ro ots up in order to see whether they were successes or failures. The National Health Service (NHS) of Great Britain, which was created on July 5, 1948, is the world’s largest publicly funded health service ever. As can be seen on the diagram, the NHS is divided into two sections: primary and secondary care. Primary care is the first point of contact for most people and is delivered by a wide range of independent service providers, including general practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and optometrists. Secondary care is known as acute healthcare and can be either elective care or emergency care. Elective care means planned specialist medical care or surgery, usually following referral from a primary or community health professional such as a general practitioner. In this system there are a lot of different trusts (refer to iagram). These trusts are where the money is sent for certain types of care. The main trusts are the Primary care trusts. Primary care trusts (PCTs) are in charge of primary care and have a major role around commissioning secondary care, providing community care services. They are the main core to the NHS and control 80% of the NHS budget. Green, did a report on the effects of preventive care in Great Britain for diseases such as circulatory disease and cancer. His main focus was on the circulatory system and the conclusion of his reports states that: â€Å"The main findings can be summarized as follows. The I-JK has a poor record of preventing death from diseases of the circulatory system. After allowing for the different age structure of each country in the European Union, the I-JK death rate from circulatory diseases for persons aged less than 65 was ranked thirteenth out of the 15 countries studied. † There are many negative aspects of the NHS. There are stunning reports of people who didn’t get care, or who waited for months in order to get prevented care. One example of a terrible thing that happened recently in Great Britain was a cancer patient who had to wait for 62 weeks before starting treatment. Patients were outraged by this. They said that for some cancer patients with slow growing tumors could wait that long but that it is atrocious that someone would have to wait that long to receive any type of care at all. It was compared side by side with a case from 20 years earlier, when Heather Goodare was diagnosed with the same problem and eceived treatment within two weeks after first being diagnosed. The European system has run into a lot of obstacles over the years, mostly financial. There is currently a 5 percent to 8 percent increase in expenses per year in real terms, resulting in enormous deficits and even greater problems when the rate of unemployment rises. When employment rates improve, the deficits are eased because more taxes come in to pay for care. But as soon as employment falls again (which is common everywhere right about now), deficits come back. A common method used for getting over this deficit is rationing care and restricting use of high ost preventive cares such as CAT scans. Sometimes this is only towards people who meet a certain criteria, e. g. the elderly. This can only be bad for the consumer. Michael Tanner sums this up nicely in his article condemning socialized medicine in the U. S. : â€Å"The Europeans have run into a very simple economic rule. If something is for it. Think of it this way: if food were free, would you eat hamburger or steak? At the same time, health care is a finite good. There are only so many doctors, so many hospital beds and so much technology. If people over consume those resources, it drives up the cost of health care. â€Å" All the countries in Europe have this health care system. There are, however, three countries in Europe that allow their citizens to opt out of the official system and to take with a tax credit for the money they paid to the official system, to purchase private insurance in the health market. These countries are Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. In those countries, citizens do not have to pay twice in order to acquire private health insurance. The systems of these three countries are important in that they may point the way to a solution for the current financial problems Western health care systems are experiencing. This private plan is more expensive but reachable for at least a third of the population. For the most part, people in Europe are happy with the health care they receive. In the Netherlands there is a basic plan that everyone can buy (it is not a government mandate). This covers things such as broken limbs, emergency room visits Oust the visit), and seeing general practitioners. On top of this, a person may buy whatever â€Å"premium add-ons they want. An example of an add-on is dental and orthodontic care. With this add-on all the people in the household of the insurance buyer receive ull dental care as well as braces for all the children of the family. Trudy Rubin, who is a Philadelphia Inquirer opinion columnist, says that the United States is not learning valuable lessons from the European system of healthcare. She addresses the three myths that she thinks are thought to be believed as fact. She takes these myths from an excerpt from T. R. Reid. The three myths are as follows: à ¢â‚¬Å"Myth No. 1, he says, is that foreign systems with universal coverage are all â€Å"socialized medicine. † In countries such as France, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan, the coverage is universal while doctors and insurers are private. Individuals get their insurance through their workplace, sharing the premium with their employer as we do – and the government picks up the premium if they lose their Job. Myth No. 2, which is long waits and rationed care – is another whopper. â€Å"In many developed countries,† Reid writes, â€Å"people have quicker access to care and more choice than Americans do. † In France, Germany, and Japan, you can pick any provider or hospital in the country. Care is speedy and high quality, and no one is turned down. Myth No. 3 really grabs my attention: the delusion that countries with universal care â€Å"are wasteful systems run y bloated bureaucracies. † In fact, the opposite is true. America’s for-profit health insurance companies have the highest administrative costs of any developed country. Twenty percent or more of every premium dollar goes to nonmedical costs: paperwork, marketing, profits, etc. â€Å"If a profit is to be made, you need a n army of underwriters to deny claims and turn down sick people,† says Reid. † Canada is another place where health care is run by the government. This came into effect when the parliament unanimously passed the Canadian Health Act in system. Under this law, provinces must ensure that their health care systems respect ive criteria: The first is public administration. This means that the health insurance plans must be administered by a public authority who is accountable to the government. The second is comprehensive benefit. The plan must cover all medically necessary services prescribed by physicians and provided by hospitals. The third is universality. This means all legal residents of the province must be covered. The fourth criterion is portability. Under this, residents continue to be covered if they move or travel from one province to another. And the final criterion is accessibility. This means that services must be made available to all residents on equal terms, regardless of income, age, or ability to pay. The process which a patient goes through to receive health care is very simple. When a person goes to a doctor for any kind of medical treatment they have to present what is called a provincial health card. This is a credit card-looking piece of plastic that lets your physician know you are a legal user of the system Argument Against Universal Health Care in the Us. (2018, Oct 31).

Buddhism in Tang Dynasty Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Buddhism in Tang Dynasty - Term Paper Example Buddhism appealed to all classes of the Chinese nation. This includes both the nation’s peasantry, as well as the aristocrats. This is primarily because Buddhism offered hope for salvation, which the people of China required, but was not offered by the previous religious settings under Taoism and Confucianism (Orzech, p. 219). This paper will examine the effects of Buddhism on Tang Dynasty’s political standing, describing reasons why emperor Taizong favored Buddhism to Confucian religion. Buddhism has had major impacts on the Asian continent, with Japan and China being the most affected cultures by the religion. The effects of Buddhism are apparent in different areas of different cultures and countries, which entail political, social, as well as cultural influences. The Tang Dynasty of China is perhaps the most interesting history phase of China’s history. The Tang Dynasty, which was under the leadership of the Tang Dynasty, was founded in 618 and culminated in 9 07. The Tang Dynasty was quite flourishing with regard to power and wealth and became the most powerful country in the entire world. During the Tang Dynasty, the region achieved significant might with regard to the economy, culture, military and politics levels. Buddhism had substantial effects on China’s, especially the Tang Dynasty (Mikael, p. 36). However, it is paramount to note that Buddhism’s incorporation into the Chinese society took a relatively long time owing to the people’s difficulty to translate Buddhist text into the Chinese language. This paper will answer the question of how Buddhism was able to stabilize imperial power in political ways during the life of Tang Dynasty. It is undisputed that Buddhism had a huge impact in developing the social, economic, cultural and political environments of China’s Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism brought about major changes in the Chinese political front, especially with regard to stabili zing imperial power of the political aspects of the nation. During the rule of the Tang Dynasty, Buddhist clergy gained massive favor in the royal court of the ruling elite. They even played a role in the control of bureaucratic power. The aristocrats of the Tang Dynasty were charmed by Buddhism doctrines. This is because the model character exemplified by Buddhist doctrines appealed to the political class of the Tang Dynasty, pushing them to adopt the characteristics of the so called model character as defined by Buddhist beliefs. The Buddhist doctrines appealed to the aristocrats of the Tang Dynasty because unlike the Taoist sage, Buddhism allowed for wealth acquisition by the ruling class. An example of such doctrine includes Buddhist beliefs that while a leader should be self disciplined, respectable and critical in his thinking, the leader should not limit his acquisition of wealth or enjoyment of luxuries. This means that Buddhism presented a new model for world-bound life for the aristocrats. However, this gave leeway for aristocrats to acquire massive amounts of wealth, sometimes at the expense of the populace, which remained poor for the most part. The government of Emperor Taizong preferred Buddhism to Confucian because the latter did not approve some of the actions of the aristocrats. For instance, Confucian disallowed the acquisition of luxurious property as it termed it as improper use of power,

Online Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay

Online Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example Most researchers and academicians assert that the internet communication is a superior way to attain competitive advantage in this century. This is critical since timely information facilitates accurate and timely decision making towards execution of valuable activities. It is imperative for institutions and various individuals to embrace technological advancement towards ensuring quality provision of information. This paper gives an insight about online journalism especially the web and blogsphere. 2.0 Web and blogsphere Journalists are bound, with professional ethics and obligation, to disseminate credible information based on factual elements. This is critical since information they make available facilitate progressive decision-making. Web 2.0 and blogosphere provides an online edited gathering of essay and information, which gives discursive and communicative facts (Mitchelstein & Boczkowski 2010). Consequently, blogs also exist together as connected community where various indi viduals publish various opinions for internalization globally with an example being the New York Times where blogs serve as communicative avenues. It is a concept, which currently is adoptable due to increased need for timely information touching on various issues. ... bility towards the provision of timely information based on factual events and matters cannot be challenged easily especially in the current century (Lowrey & Kim 2009). The world is presently a global village through technological enhanced services thereby rendering blogging venture reliable and relevant. Variably, journalist’s updates via the internet are fit and subject to regulation by international journalism standards, which ensure that value is achievable within the reported content of information (Deuze, Neuberger & Paulussen 2004). Evidently, internet communication has positively resulted to sound performance in various institutions; for example, it benefits businesses through customer retention, conversion, reach, and community integration. According to Frey (2011), it has the potential to leverage performance in the modern societies towards building strong information based capacities. Clearly, individuals require timely and valuable information to facilitate choice making on various matters like economic issues due to dynamic changes. It is stated that quality performance is reliant on the eminence of communication in various departments and sectors (Frey 2011). That is, timely provision of quality information facilitates superior decision making which in turn leads to excellence in various institutions. Consequently, blogging also expands ones network system and societal integration through adoption of best practices in life with an example being the political dispensation in US, which is often affected by blogs. According to Srisuwan (2008), technology is a key pillar towards developing sustainable communication networks thus institutions should ensure integration of technological activities for sound performance. Similarly, Morozov in his articles

Carbonated Drinks Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Carbonated Drinks Industry - Case Study Example It is in this aspect that Coke is differentiated. Unlike other products intended for a specific market niche, Coke targets a wide market range - from the mass market to the high end segment. This is in line with the vision of former company president Robert W. Woodruff, that everyone on Earth consumed Coke. To limit the scope, this paper assesses Coke in the context of the carbonated drinks segment in the UK. It evaluates the supply conditions given the prevailing market structure and competition among softdrink suppliers. Furthermore, this paper discusses the barriers to entry and political or social factors impacting the industry. It also considers the factors that drive demand, prospects in the carbonated drinks segment given changing demand trends and potential entry of new players. The 5-billion UK carbonated drinks market has more than adequate supply of carbonated drinks (The UK Softdrinks Market 2004). Notable colas include Coke; Pepsi Cola, Coke's major rival; Zamzam Cola, which is named after Mecca's holy spring; Virgin Cola, which is marketed under Sir Richard Branson's company; and Mecca Cola, which is promoted as Muslim people's alternative to US-made softdrinks. (McCaffrey 2005) In terms of market structure, the UK carbonated drinks sector may be character... Although there are numerous players in the industry, the cola drinks offered are differentiated depending on the preference of the market niche targeted (Gans, King, Stonecash & Mankiw pp.76-8). For instance, Mecca Cola is differentiated as it is advertised as the cola for Muslims. Bearing the catchphrase "No more drinking stupid, drink with commitment," (McCaffrey 2005) supplier creates a different brand that appeals to Muslim communities and their sentiments on Western culture. On the contrary, the UK carbonated drinks market may be classified as oligopolistic since it is dominated by few major suppliers. Quantitatively, oligopoly is derived by using the four-firm concentration ratio, measuring the percentage market share of the four largest firms in an industry (Samuelson & Nordhaus 2001 pp. 89-93). A ratio of beyond 40% generally renders the market as oligopolistic (Tirole 1988). According to Canadean, Coca-Cola Company alone has captured 45.3% of the market share of the UK carbonated softdrinks category in 2004. This indicates that the total market share of the two giant suppliers have gone above the threshold, thus, the industry may be deemed oligopolistic. Competition Unlike other oligopolistic industries wherein collusion of firms to raise prices is observed (Samuelson & Nordhaus 2001 pp. 89-93), Coca-Cola and Pepsi continue to battle each other in the marketing arena. Albeit their rivalry has spanned for almost a century, non-price competition has prevailed. These firms utilise extensive media mileage to compete with each other and foster brand loyalty. This is evidenced by the substantial allocation of firms for advertising cost. Instead of pricing, though the retail prices of Coke and Pepsi Cola do not substantially vary, they are observed to

Ols 252 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ols 252 - Essay Example What makes me love the profession is my admiration of how pharmacists play a major role in ensuring patients are able to regain their good health. This makes me to have a sight in being the most respected pharmacist of the community (Yukl et al., 76). The type of organization I would like to lead is majorly a retail pharmacy because I would enjoy the direct communication I would be accorded with the patients and also working with my colleagues in completing each task efficiently. One year after graduation, I expect to be a pharmacist in a retail pharmacy. This is useful in me gaining experience by accepting responsibilities as a pharmacist. Five years after graduation, I expect a pharmacy manager in a retail store. This will be achieved through hard work, teamwork and helping new members in adapting to their new environment. Finally, ten years after graduation, I expect to be a regional pharmacist manager or intern coordinator. With experience and proficient in executing my job as a pharmacist, this type of leadership will put me in a position to give back to the profession. As an intern coordinator, I will stand a chance to be able to mentor and lead pharmacy students. Step 2: assessing my leadership qualities There are many assessments that had a greater effect into my life but the six most important assessments to me are self-confidence which entails: generalized self-efficacy, leader-member exchange, motivation to lead, influential tactics, emotional intelligence and participatory leadership attitudes. Generalized self-efficacy is an important attribute which shows the importance of having self-confidence for one to be an effective leader and leader emergence. Self-confidence is important to leaders as they show one’s ability to believe in being successful and be able to influence others to achieve a common desired goal or results. Generalized self-efficacy can be strongly manifested in an individual with high self-confidence which has an end-result of strong and effective leadership. In the assessment, a score of 6 represented a strong sense of generalized self-efficacy and a low score of say 2 shows a weaker sense of generalized self-efficacy. Faced with different situations, I have a capacity to succeed as evidenced by my high score of 5 since it indicates a strong sense of efficacy. I chose this assessment because of the score and I have the belief I have that, I will succeed and whatever am doing will produce a desirable result faced with a situation. Leader-member exchange is another assessment I chose because I it assesses the pros and cons of a follower while being supervised. In this assessment the quality of relationship exchanged between the leader and member is taken into account, a score above 6 shows a high quality and a low-quality relationship is shown by a lower score than 2. I have a score of 5.43 which shows my relationship with a leader was of high-quality. Motivation to lead is the assessment I also valued because it contained dimensions on what motivates one to lead. A high score say above 6 in all the dimensions shows a strong motivation to lead and a weak motivation to lead as indicated by a low score, say below 2. My scores in this assessment were 4.2, 4.11 and 4.7 which were relatively high and indicate that I love the role of a leader and like giving directions to my followers. Since I have a goal of being an intern coordinator, this assessment will be handy since I would like to effective lead my fellow pharmacist students

The usage of accounting numbers in management compensation contracts Assignment

The usage of accounting numbers in management compensation contracts - Assignment Example (4 marks) b) Find a company (other than Qantas) which uses accounting numbers in their management compensation contracts. Identify the company and given an example of an accounting number that they use in their management compensation contracts. [NOTE: the company must be an Australian company, currently listed on the stock exchange. You must not refer to any financial statements before 2012. Any references to financial statements should clearly indicate the number of the page referred to.] (2 marks) c) On the 25th May, 2012, Hastie Group Ltd (http://www.hastiegroup.com.au) advised the market that an employee â€Å"deliberately caused †¦ irregularities in Hastie's accounts in the 2008?09 financial year†, leading to a $20 million dollar adjustment to its full?year profit. Hastie’s announcement to the market indicated that â€Å"some current and former senior management may have participated in the irregularities and failed to apply the required standards of financi al supervision and review.† If Hastie’s executives had received bonuses based on this incorrect figure, do you believe they should have to return this money to the company? Why or why not? (4 marks) Answers a. A management compensation contracts is a type of contract that is designed to connect the shareholder’s goals with those of the executives or CEO. ... In order to diminish the costs, contracts are utilized in the alignment of the stakeholder’s interests as well as actions of the two parties by relying on accounting numbers that provide incentive in maximizing shareholders value (Beatty, Ramesh and Weber, 2002, Pp. 218-227). The strong demand for accounting numbers assist in conceptualizing purpose of accounting information the evaluation as well as making decisions on issues of allocating scarce resources. Therefore, there are accounting oriented measures that are formulated to enable manage compensation contracts. These measures are utilized as a cost effective approaches in providing financial incentives allowing management in earning higher remuneration amounts in order to reach targets that have been set by accounting numbers to maximize shareholder interest. For instance, a management compensation contract stating that a director responsible for performance bonuses is supposed to rely on accounting numbers like equity r atios or net profits in order to direct a director’s compensation. This gives the management an incentive of making decisions liable to increase the shareholders value and at the same time trying to avoid NPV investments as well as reducing the consumption. Therefore, it is appropriate to conclude that accounting numbers utilized in compensation contracts assist in reducing agency costs as well as benefit the shareholders. b. The Woolworths Ltd Annual Report 2012 shows clearly that management is compensated by utilizing Sort Term Incentives Plans (STP) as well as the long Term Incentive Plans which constitute 40% of the remuneration offered to the Executive Directors. The STIP is based on accounting numbers like the

Accreditation of Educational Institutions Essay

Accreditation of Educational Institutions - Essay Example The agencies are expected to monitor the affairs of the educational institute and allow them membership by accreditation and evaluate the process of educational plans being executed by the member institute over a given period of its membership validity (Mora, 2004, p.437,). Accreditation agencies are of the view that human abilities are to be enhanced with independent learning strategy along with theoretical knowledge invested into their brains. They set standards of recognition and identity criteria for each member college with a view to cater the needs of students, who are mostly of creditable brilliance and partly employed. Banks and educational authorities at higher levels take feedback from the accreditation agencies for promoting the initiatives of each member college and forward proceedings for fund allotment and scholarship support to students as needed. Once the evaluation is on the onset, the educational institutions are accountable for their operative activities to the agency as it is the negotiator between the institution and the ultimate higher authorities. A search for the best-known accreditation agency in the world ends at Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) of America. Accreditation of colleges and other educational organizations can be easier with the application of some basic principles as set approved by CHEA. The CHEA principles are aimed at regulating the standards of all member colleges with the norms of CHEA. Principle.1 deals with considerations and actions for accreditation of non-US institutions and programs in other countries. Principle.2 considers the expectation for the conduct of US accreditation reviews of non-US institutions and their programs in another country.  

GENDER macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

GENDER macroeconomics - Essay Example Neither the individual nor gender has been a main concern of macroeconomic policy or macroeconomic theory. It is also clear that gender is ignored in the majority of the conventional means of macro-economic behavior that are representative of the manner in which individual women and men are affected by macroeconomics (Seguino, 2010: p1216). Individual economic indicators are rarely referred to with macroeconomic language being un-gendered and impersonal. In addition, the sex based labor division is rarely mentioned in macroeconomic policies. Although the policy impact on functional categories of actors in the economy like investors, savers, sellers, and buyers can be identified in debate on macroeconomic policy, absence of gender-specific references suggests that it is assumed to have an equal effect on men and women. Literature especially that covering women in developing nations shows that this is not so. Bringing a Gender Perspective into Macroeconomics Conventional policy framewo rks on the economy are ignorant of non-market work like voluntary, community work and unpaid care work. These activities are normally taken for granted and rarely discussed in monetary or fiscal policy. Rather than being considered as economic activities, these are thought of as social roles. However, these are economic activities because they need the utilization of scarce resources, as well as because they give vital inputs to private and public economic sectors. Unpaid care work can be described as a tax in kind levied on domestic sectors so as to reproduce the economy with the tax paid mainly by women (Elson, 2011: p240). Unpaid work can be incorporated into macroeconomic policy making through viewing national output as being a product of the domestic sector, the public sector, the private sector, and equally important the voluntary sector. Wealth creation in a country is dependent on output from the four sectors. At times, policy makers tend to assume that the sector that creat es wealth is the private sector with other sectors spending that is produced by the private sector. However, these four sectors depend on each other. The private sector cannot create wealth for use by families, the government, and the communities if these communities, families, and the government do not create wealth, in turn (Elson, 2011: p241). In particular, unpaid care by women, as well as voluntary work, proves vital for the creation of social and human capital. There are essential differences, of course, between looking after one’s own children and parents and being paid to care for children or old people as an employee for the private and public sector (Elson, 2011: p241). This difference is not personal in nature. The costs for the care given to children and old people in the public and private sector appears in the national accounts, being taken into consideration in decisions on policy. However, the costs regarding unpaid care for children and old people in domestic sectors are not reflected in the national accounts and are, therefore, not accounted for in decisions of policy. However, this care imposes energy and time costs on those who do

Marketing Situational Analysis Essay Essay Example for Free

Marketing Situational Analysis Essay Essay The following essay is a situation analysis of the macro-environment for a Melbourne based Australian phone cover manufacturing organisation, called Kind. Kind creates a range of covers for all types of mobile phones which are recyclable, biodegradable and trendy. Kind conducts their own research, development, design and manufacture. The organisation was founded by a group of generation Y, tech savvy and environmentally conscious people who saw an opportunity to create accessories in an industry considered to be consumerist. A view supported by Downie and Glazebrook (2007), â€Å"Mobile phones have been described as the ultimate example of consumerism. †(p. 1). Kind’s idea for their latest range of covers specifically include hypo colour, (cover changes colour when activated by heating or cooling through personal touch), mood sensitive covers (cover changes colour relative to the emotion being felt by the person), and gel moulded covers with finger grips. They believe their value proposition is to provide a range of products that offer their customers socially responsible fun, feelings and functionality by being a customer-centred company. The following discussion under the sub-headings will analyse the six components of the mobile phone industry macro-environment specifically identifying trends that may impact Kind’s target market, marketing-mix and planned marketing strategies. Demographic â€Å"The demographic environment shows a changing age structure in the population, changing family patterns, geographic population shifts, a better-educated and more-white-collar population, and increasing ethnic diversity.†, (Kotler, Brown, Adam, Burton Armstrong, 2010, p. 160). This holds true for Kind’s market in Australia with the population ageing, birth rates falling and increased life expectancy, older people are predicted to outnumber younger people by 2050. This may pose a potential threat to Kind’s target market in that there will be greater competition for customers entering the market or more creativity required to find new markets. Kind may need to expand their product range to cater for the older generations with covers that address issues like restricted mobility and loss of coordination from conditions such as arthritis. Reinforced by Kotler, et al., (2010) â€Å"The Boomer market will only grow in importance in coming years, as more boomer reach retirement age.† (p. 145). This is a trend that Kind should keep a close eye on and begin research and development in. Looking at Australia’s current family pattern Kotler, et al., (2010), states â€Å"smaller family sizes resulting from a desire to improve personal living standards, the increased number of women working outside the home†, (p. 141), supports the view that there is market for the mobile phone industry because the parents feel there is a security need to stay connected to their children. â€Å"For children aged 5-8 years, almost all of them (95%) used their mobile phone more to contact family (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010). This new group is otherwise referred to as â€Å"’tweens’ aged between six and 13.† (Downie Glazebrook, 2007, p. 1). It must be noted that Kotler, et al., (2010) defines the tweens as aged between 10 and 14, regardless, this group is increasing in market share and are demonstrating a trend towards strong purchases of entertainment products. Added pressure is placed on parents by the tweens who have grown up accustom to consumerism and â€Å"are motivated by status and aesthetics in their purchasing decision.† (Downie Glazebrook, 2007, p. 1). This trend may be met by the inter-changeability of mobile phone covers because they are an economical means of maintaining the tweens attention and status with their existing phones. An economical argument for parents to easily identify with and one which Kind can target. Kind has a product that appeals to a variety of demographic group for varying reasons. The youth group, often further defined as Generation X and Y demonstrate trends which Kind should consider when analysing their target market. Generation X is environmentally conscious, financially wary, value quality and is well educated, contributing to the growth in white-collar population significantly. Generation Y are technically savvy, communicate using mobile phone, email and chat rooms and have driven the â€Å"Markets for teens’ toys and games, clothes, furniture and food† (Kotler, et al., 2010, p. 144). Whilst they are often viewed as selfish, statistics support the fact that they are â€Å"a civic-minded generation with a conscience†, (McQueen, 2007, p. 43). â€Å"figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics which showed that in 2002, 28% of young people aged 18-24 had undertaken voluntary work in the previous 12 months†, (McQueen, 2007, p. 43). A response to these characteristics may be a marketing-mix which communicates the social conscious benefits of Kind’s products whilst promoting the professional business use it also contains and the interchange ability making the product fun, easily. Kind would be remiss to not target the civic-mindedness of Generation Y by setting up a charity fund or trade-in cover exchange that gives something back to the community. Given Kind’s target market is Australia wide, population changes between states is not really relevant. However, shifts between rural and urban areas should be considered given the Australia Bureau of Statistics (2010) reports increases in urban population and decline in rural populations, particularly those affected by drought. The relevance in this statistic is that more households with access to mobile phones are located in the metropolitan area, Australia Bureau of Statistics (2010). Economic In developed countries such as Australia, mobile phones are moving towards no longer being considered a luxury item and more one of necessity given the use of mobile phones as the preferred method of communication for generation Yers and white-collar Xers use as a business tool. The Bureau of Australian Statistics (2007) survey results have indicated a 7.7% growth in communications services each year on average with most of this attributed to the household use of mobile phone and internet services. This is relevant to the consumer spending habit in the current economic context which has affected income levels and household expenditure. â€Å"More recently, the global financial crisis has led to a sharp decline in demand for luxury products, as more people have become unemployed, or are unsure of their job security.† (Kotler, et al., 2010, p. 149). This is a win-win situation for a mobile phone cover manufacturer given that sales will continue at a steady rate or if people do decide to maintain an existing mobile phone, they will want to ensure that it is adequately protected to last longer or give it a new look, therefore the consumers spending pattern is less likely to alter for this kind of product. Natural Environment Kind creates a range of covers for all types of mobile phones which are recyclable and biodegradable which would place their products in a very favourable position from a pollutant perspective. â€Å"Some trend analysts believe that the decade after 2010 will be seen as the ‘Earth Decade’ and that protection of the natural environment will be the main worldwide issue facing business and the public.† (Kotler, et al., 2010, p. 151). Kind would be wise to examine their use of non-renewable resource they may use in the production of their products as well as the operations of their organisation. It is not just about the products they product being environmentally friendly, but the way in which they produce them as well. Knowing their carbon footprint and those within their supply and distribution chains would speak volumes. Even the way in which they market their products could be an opportunity to reinforce their green message, i.e. no use of print media in the marketing-mix. Kind has to also keep up with the issues affecting the mobile phone issues, such as the growing public concern of the mineral tantalum use in mobile phones. Research using Wikipedia (2010), reports that this is a product which is mined, with great affect on the natural environment. Exports of this mineral have been cited as helping to finance present-day civic conflict over areas in the Congo which are abundant in natural resources. Kind may find benefit in highlight the fact that the use of their product protects the longevity of a mobile phone, thus minimising the reliance on mining and people may actually view a purchase of this product as actually helping the people in Congo. Technological The fast pace of technological advance is probably the most challenging aspect to Kind’s products. Given the current variety of shapes and sizes of mobile phones in the market and the constant stream of new models, keeping up with this market requires Kind to be highly adaptable and have the ability to implement changes in products quickly. It may be savvy to target only the most popular makes and models dependant on the demographic being targeted. Political â€Å"The political environment consists of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organisations and individuals in a given society.† (Kotler, et al., 2010, p. 155). Given that Kind is a manufacturing business, distributing Australia wide, they need to keep abreast of developments which may affect manufacturing and marketing throughout all the States and Territory. Kind will be required to ensure that any packaging they develop conforms with current legislation along with any competitions run Australia wide meet all the State laws on gaming and lotteries. Again, in with reference to the mobile phone industry, who are in media reports regarding concerns over public health risks from the radio waves they emit causing an uncommon form of brain tumour as discussed by Lavelle (2005), Kind could assign some research and development actions towards addressing a solution to these concerns. This could be view by consumers as dangerous positioning as they are actually agreeing with a pressure group that there is a risk and attacking the market that directly feeds them. Cultural â€Å"The cultural environment shows long-run trends towards the use of branded products as a means of self-expression, decreasing organisational loyalty, an increasing appreciation for nature, and a search for more meaningful and enduring values.† (Kotler, et al., 2010, p. 160). Kind produces products which fit this trend fantastically as long as they market their environmental and social conscience and continue to develop products which allow the consumer to express themselves. The cultural environment is made up of secondary beliefs. Central to societies need to communicate is the belief that they cannot do so unless they have a mobile phone. It could be argued that the secondary belief is that they have to look good and have the trendiest cover while they do it supported by Kotler, et al., (2010). â€Å"Many people use products, brands and services as a means of self-expression†, (p. 157). There may also be an opportunity for Kind to tap into the different subcultures as they are open to shifts in values and are impacted by popular activities. The possibilities are endless for Kind, in that if their organisation is highly adaptable, and new product lines can be easily implemented, they can keep pace with these subcultures. For example, monthly covers with the latest number one hit music artist on it. Kind can decide to take a proactive approach to the marketing and really build their products into something that shapes public opinion. As an example, the health risk on mobile phones and the potential for Kind to capitalise on providing a solution may seem risky but they are could make a real statement, leading the way and would be shaping the public opinion. Conclusion Kind’s analysis of target market has demonstrated that are a few areas demographically that hold value. These are the change in age structure with Baby Boomer demands on a solution for mobility and coordination issues, Gen X parents demanding to feel safer by being connected to their children, but notably highly influence in their purchasing decisions by the status and aesthetic tweens and finally the youth groups demanding to be socially networked via technology. Economic trends are not of great concern on these target markets as the need to communicate using mobile phones is demonstrating continued strong growth. The predicted trend towards the ‘Earth Decade’ being the main worldwide issue provides the greatest opportunity for Kind. Their marketing-mix, product range and company values are well positioned to maximise the benefits associated with this trend. Kind is in an industry that is at the forefront of technological advances and must pay close attention to ensure that they maintain connection meaning they may have to restrict their product line to only the most popular makes and models. Political and cultural trends on the health risks associated with mobile phones are a concern to the target market. However, the consumers appear to be remaining ignorant. This could be an opportunity for Kind, but the risks associated with this should be carefully researched before taking any action. The long-run trend towards an appreciation of nature and products being used to express ones self is primed for the products that Kind produces. Further supported by the secondary belief that people have to look good while they communicate using their phone is an almost perfect market for Kind’s products. The adaptability of Kind’s products and organisation can easily lend itself to different subcultures and any such changes within them. In summary, Kind’s value proposition, to provide a range of products that offer their customers socially responsible fun, feelings and functionality by being a customer-centred company, has a large potential market with what appears to be matched by an actual market. The key is to translate this into demand. References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Measures of Australia’s Progress, Communication, Children and Mobile Phones, Australia. Cat. No. 1370.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0~2010~Chapter~Children%20and%20mobile%20phones%20(4.8.5.3.2) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2003). Measures of a Knowledge-based Economy and Society, Australia, 2003. Cat. No. 1377.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[emailprotected]/46d1bc47ac9d0c7bca256c470025ff87/817903E27C4FFBE0CA2571960017E512 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2008-9. Cat. No. 3218.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/Products/3218.0~2008-09~Main+Features~Main+Features?OpenDocument#PARALINK11 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Australian Social Trends, Trends in Consumption. Cat. No. 4102.0. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/Latestproducts/0485BB5550FE5799CA25732C00207C77 Downie, C. Glazebrook, K. (2007), â€Å"Mobile phones and the consumer kids†, Australian Institute Research Paper, No. 41. Retrieved from https://www.tai.org.au/documents/downloads/WP97.pdf Kotler, Brown, Adam, Burton Armstrong (2010), Marketing (8th Edition), Pearson Education, Sydney, NSW. Lavelle, P. (2005). â€Å"Mobile phone: a health risk?†, ABC Heath Wellbeing, The Pulse. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2005/01/27/1285335.htm McQueen, M. (2007). The ‘New’ rules of Engagement, Hyde Park Press, Richmond, SA. Wikipedia. (2010). Coltan. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltan

Communist Insurgency In The Philippines History Essay

Communist Insurgency In The Philippines History Essay The idea of Communism has come a long way, since its early Marxist conception. In its very sense, Communism is concerned with the abolishment of the ruling class and the right to private property. Basically, it connotes social justice to everyone residing in a given territory. Social justice in this sense would mean that every constituent, regardless of the social strata to which they belong, would be treated with equal importance in terms of human rights and property and be given access to the resources that the state should provide to its people. Communism in the Philippines is basically synonymous to the ideals and principles that classic Marxists uphold. The inequality between the ruling and working class paved the way for communism in the country to develop. Throughout the previous decades, advocators of the ideology (particularly the CPP-NPA-NDF) proliferated all over the island and have continued to uphold the belief that everyone inhabiting this country should be given equal opportunity to access resources that the country owns. They have continued their struggle of fighting the bureaucrat-capitalism, feudalism, imperialism, corruption, and other forms of social injustice that continue to haunt the country from the Pre-World War II era until the present time. The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) indeed, made significant impacts in Philippine society. Although declared illegal by the government, the forces of the CPP nevertheless manifested itself in various parts of the archipelago. They have managed to resist the military forces which constantly work for their downfall over the years. Why is this so? Why, in spite of the downfall of Soviet Union, communism in China, and many other socialist countries, the CPP managed to endure as a political organization? To answer these questions, this paper intends to enumerate the several factors that contributed to the emergence and persistence of communist insurgency in the country. From the original communist party, which is the PKP, this paper will discuss how it was re-established along with the internal and external crises that contributed to the present state of the movement. Furthermore, a brief discussion of the partys strategy of a protracted peoples war, as well as the different counter-insurgency programs implemented by the government to combat the rebels will be presented. A thorough report of the facts behind the pervasive endurance of the Communist insurgents here in the Philippines will be explicated. Hence, this paper is timely as it could contribute to the shaping of public awareness and opinion regarding on a very substantial issue in the country. The long-time struggle of the working class to achieve a society that will cater equality and justice among people who belong to various socio-economic strata has resulted to the formation of revolutionary movements (Dela Cruz, 2006). Even before the Philippines managed to achieve its independence from foreign colonizers, communist insurgency has started. According to Cusi (1996), the Communist insurgency in the Philippines had its early beginnings when a number of supporters of Tan Malaca, an Indonesian Communist leader, started to recruit and organize members during the early 20s. The recruited members, most of them labourers, were then formally set up on August 26, 1930 as the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP, Philippine Communist Party) at the Templo del Trabajo which was then the most important place of gathering for the labor elements of the city during the early 30s. With its original 60 members, it was then officially proclaimed as the Communist Party of the Philippines (C PP) by Crisanto Evangelista on November 7, 1930 at the Plaza Moriones, Tondo which is known to be the center of the working-class district of Manila (Saulo, 1990). The establishment of the PKP as a genuine party of the working-class has aimed to uphold the unfinished revolution of Andres Bonifacio, the Great Plebeian. Though Bonifacios struggle is more of the anti-colonial type of revolution, his example was seen by the PKP as the Proletarian hero for them to advocate their struggle of class equality through armed revolution. According to Jose Lava, former general secretary of the party, the PKP will serve as the workers instrument of upholding their rights against the exploitative tendencies of the bourgeoisie. Through the movement, it will be easier for the working class to make their sentiments known aside from the fact that they comprise the class with the highest percentage in the society. It is but proper to create a group that will promote the welfare of the class that sustains the other members of the society (Saulo, 1990). During the 26th day of December 1968 however, a group of disgruntled young members of the PKP led by Jose Maria Sison re-established a Marxism-Leninism-Maoist leaning CPP in a small barrio somewhere in Pangasinan. Sison, who was then a student of the University of the Philippines, criticized the leadership of the Lava brothers whom he blamed when the Huks were defeated during the 1950s. He was expelled from the PKP then took the leadership of re-establishing the Communist Party of the Philippines together with 90 other cadres (Gutierrez, 2001). On the other hand, some Red fighters and Commanders of the dwindling peoples liberation army along the countryside of Central Luzon also loss confidence with the way their leaders are acting. Due to greediness and corruption, the army became inhumane and anti-people. Bernabe Bucayno (Commander Dante), together with his group of peasant guerrillas, then decided to go to Manila to seek for the group of Sison who was then beginning to strengthen the re-established CPP. Together with this group of young students and professionals, Commander Dante founded and became the Commander-in-chief of the New Peoples Army (NPA) which became the armed wing of the Communist Party. The decision of coming up with a new military group transpired from the need of an armed force that will pursue the proletariat war in the Philippines (Cusi, 1996). On April 24, 1973, the CPP-NPA established its legal front the National Democratic Front (NDF). NDF is an alliance of 15 underground democratic mass organizations led by the CPP that aims to wage a national democratic revolution that will uphold the goal of achieving a socialist state. The establishment of the NDF, along with its 10 point program, is a manifestation of the CPPs formal declaration of war against the Philippine government. Its connections with the different sectors of society including the religious, teachers (ACT), farmers (KMP), students (LFS), and the labor sector (KMU) helped the CPP a lot on its goal of expanding its influence and power primarily through winning the hearts and minds of the masses (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993; Cusi, 1996). Meanwhile, Sison was capture by the military in 1977 a year after Commander Dante was captured in 1976. However, the capture of the two leaders did not encumber the continuous growth of the CPP-NPA. Its strength grew exponentially throughout the years and reached its peak in 1987 with 25, 200 members and 15, 500 firearms (Adriatico, 2000). Up until the present time, the party continues to grow and manages to endure the numerous counterinsurgency programs implemented by the different administrations from Marcos until Arroyo. In further analyzing the persistence of the CPP-NPA and the implications that it may bring to the Philippine society, it is necessary to outline the different crises that lead to the restructuring of the original communist party as well as the effects of the faction groups that occurred within the party. These factors being mentioned are vital in this study for they have contributed to the overall objectives and present structure of the movement as well. The internal crises are indeed significant to the continued existence of the insurgents for it helped the members of the movement learn from previous mistakes as well as in determining their goal of accomplishing a protracted peoples war. The main problems that occurred and that caused great division among the members of the party might be traced back to its founding roots. In 1968, a document was published by the Congress of Re-establishment of the Communist Party of the Philippines wherein the main errors and weaknesses of the Party were enumerated. In this document entitled Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party, the four drawbacks of the Party, namely: 1) ideological weaknesses; 2) political errors; 3) military errors; and 4) organizational errors, were enumerated and discussed thoroughly how it affected the insurgents struggle. Subjectivism on the previous leaders ideologies has caused a great trouble on the original communist partys goals and objectives. Because most of the leaders and members came from affluent clans, they carried with them their primary bourgeois ideas. The partys leaders relied on the subjectivist and opportunist idea of competing or cooperating with the bourgeois parties and groups in the city as a means of achieving socialism. The party became incorrectly city-based and city-oriented that they have neglected the revolutionary initiative and force of the peasants located along the countryside. Furthermore Sison, as cited by Dela Cruz, said that the failure of the original party to come up with a definite strategy that will serve a revolutionary and thoroughgoing proletarian world outlook has lead to the partys paralyzation once the US Imperialists and running dogs came into the Philippine picture (Dela Cruz, 2006 ; CPP 1968). Aside from subjectivism in ideology, political errors that have been committed also affected the insurgents progression. Political errors, in this sense, refer to the right opportunism and left opportunism that the party leaders have committed. Instead of pursuing their aspiration to abolish differences in social strata, the party leaders became opportunistic in the sense that they pushed for subordination of the working-class movement to their enemies by surrendering to them totally through peaceful agreements and compromise. Moreover, rejecting the idea of a socialist revolution and bringing up the concept of class cooperation was advocated by the leaders. This lead to further discrepancies on what does the communist party really advocate. The Party suffered from political disasters because it maintained its urban, parliamentary, and open character and failed to arouse and mobilize the peasants in the rural areas to coordinate with them as a main force for the revolution. Emanating from the subjectivist world outlook, the leaders of the party became consumed with the idea of being regarded as Left opportunists by the bourgeoisie and failed to enact their illegal activities simultaneously with the legal ones. Furthermore, the party leaders became corrupt and greedy resulting to the loss of confidence of other members and also the masses as well (Weekley, 2001). Another flaw that caused the downfall of the first communist party is military error. The party leaders failed to assimilate an armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and rural base-building in the countryside, of which according to Maoist thought are the three crucial and indispensable components in waging a peoples war (Mercado, 1989; CPP, 1968). According to Adriatico (2000), the absence of an armed struggle alone has a big impact on their failure because arms, supposedly, will serve as their main weapon towards a democratic revolution. Their failure to established one crippled the movement when US Imperialists and Japanese troops colonized the land. One more lapse that the party has suffered is the weakness of its organization. According to Sison, the main [organizational] disability of the Communist Party of the Philippines has been its failure to build up an organization that has a broad mass character and that is national in scale. This means that the party was not able to expand thoroughly in number. They were not able to recruit members all over the archipelago that could have helped them in the planned revolutionary war. The party did not able to mobilize other groups belonging to the working class which could have added a significant number to their force (CPP, 1968). The four main errors and weaknesses that led to the re-establishment of the first communist party in the Philippines have been briefly discussed above. These drawbacks have served as lessons to the members of the reformed communist party the CPP-NPA. However, the CPP-NPA is still facing a lot of crises within the boundaries of its sphere. Throughout the years of their existence, there still exist a number of difficulties that challenged their persistence as a party that will uphold the welfare of the working-class and peasants. In an interview with Professor Benjamin Mangubat, a History professor of the University of the Philippines Manila, he said that the CPP-NPA-NDF insurgents have experienced factions within the movement some time during 1990s. The two main groups include the Re-affirmists and the Rejectionists. The Reaffirmists, from the term itself, affirm the basic principles of Maoism-Leninism-Marxism thought of an armed struggle in order to achieve the main goal of a classless the society. The group asserts the need of coercive power towards the strategy of a protracted peoples war.. On the other hand, the Rejectionists are the ones who abandon the need for an armed struggle. They also reject Sisons view of the Philippine society as a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. Furthermore, they have also retracted Maos thesis of anti-revisionism as well as the idea of a peoples democratic leadership. For this group, achieving a socialist-communism like that in the Soviet Union is not possible. They have given up on the idea of democratic revolution but instead focused themselves in improving the elite democracy that the Philippine society has been experiencing for the past and present regimes. Elite democracy, like that in the Philippines is not a true democracy. It is a democracy in the most superficial level because it is the rule of very few powerful and affluent political clans, more like aristocracy as such. Essentially, the Rejectionists goal is to change the power relations prevailing in the society through counter-hegemony by the means of ideological state ap paratuses. These include educational discussions, basic mass integrations and organic intellectuals who stay in rural areas to teach the masses regarding the current situation of Philippine society. Like the Reaffirmists, the Rejectionists also want change in the Philippine society. But as to what that change is, and how it would be attained, there remains not only the question, but a divide. The number of internal crises that transpired within the old and new communist party has been concisely discussed above. These problems have indeed affected the insurgents organization as well as their dynamism as a group. The fragmentation of the movement into two factions with contrasting beliefs has brought out the ideological discrepancies and weaknesses among the members which in turn crippled the overall undertakings of the party as well as the weakening of their political hold in the Philippines. However, some notable positive consequences arouse from the split. Dr. Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, former head of NDF and a Rejectionist himself, enumerated several benefits of this split. In an interview conducted by Emere Distor of the online publication Kasama, Quimpo said that the most positive consequence has been the emergence of a more pluralist Left and there ´s no more hegemony on the part of the Communist Party of the Philippines-National Democratic Front-New People ´s Army (CPP-NDF-NPA). We have a Left which is now more plural. This pluralism had produced many other small groups that are relatively stronger and influential in certain sectors compared to the monopolized Left by the CPP before. The groups Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP) and the Alliance of Progressive Labor (APL) of the labour sector for example, has contested the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU). Moreover, the Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP), a peasant group aligned with the CPP, is also challenged by other bigger peasant organizations. With these situations of the different sectors of the working-class, the pluralized Left could act in a strategically specific manner of upholding their privileges as marginalized sectors thereby creating greater possibilities of being heard by the government. Aside from the pluralism of the Left, the disintegration of the Communist Party became the key for them to rectify, look back and learn from their previous errors in order to build a stronger party that will cater to the goal of every member. At this point, the different events that happened within the internal affairs of the CPP-NPA have been discussed thoroughly by the researcher. The crises and struggles that contributed to the re-establishment of the communist party as well as the fragmentation and clash of ideologies along with its adverse and favourable consequences have been briefly explicated. Now, this paper will address the external factors that contributed to the persistence of the communist insurgents in the Philippines. According to Dela Cruz (2006), there are three main factors that contributed to the persistence of the communist insurgents in the country. These three include the political, economic and social factors directly or indirectly observed in the Philippine society. From the CPPs perspective, these three factors are seen as the root cause of the widespread exploitation of the working class. Jose Maria Sisons view of the Philippine society as semi-colonial and semi-feudal depicted his purpose of leading the working class towards a struggle that will benefit the majority of people being exploited by the upper-middle class. The political factors, basically, refer to the unequal distribution of power in the country. The existence of an abusive ruling class, who only comprise a very minimal percentage of the countrys population, has paved the way for severe oppression of the working class. These political factors composed of semi-colonialism, imperialism and bureaucrat capitalism. Semi-colonialism and imperialism refers to the indirect control of the United States to Philippine affairs. Though nominally declared as independent on the 4th of July 1946, the shadow of the US imperialists have still remained within the structures of the country haunting every powerless Filipino. Even if these foreign entities do not exist physically in the land, their power is implicitly felt by the workers and peasants through the traditional politicians, elites and the comprador big bourgeoisies (Rocamora, 1994). Bureaucrat capitalism on the other hand is the use of public office as an instrument of acquiring private assets and land. The concept mirrors those traditional politicians who make use of their position for business opportunities in order for them to increase personal profit and capital. Basically, it is a form of graft and corruption in the sense that these politicians use public funds, which is supposedly for public services, for their own self-interest setting aside the welfare of the poor people who are in need (Dela Cruz, 2006). Aside from the political factors mentioned above, another aspect that contributed to the continued persistence of the CPP-NPA are the economic factors which include semi-feudalism, sham land reforms, unemployment and foreign monopoly capitalism. The concept of semi-feudalism has been defined by Sison as an economic term that refers to an economy whose internal forces of production are mainly and essentially agrarian and pre-industrial, and whose relations of production are dominated by the combination of the comprador big bourgeoisie in the cities and the landlord class in the countryside (Dela Cruz, 2006). This condition of the Philippine society has made the life of the Filipino masses, particularly the peasant workers who till hectares of land in exchange of a very low wage, a miserable one. The landlords and business elites become richer while the peasant farmers stay poor without even experiencing a secured and stable life. In connection to this are sham land reforms which are p retentious modification of existing land laws. These land reforms are formulated to deceive the farmers but in reality, these will just give more benefit to the landed elites once implemented. Furthermore, the widespread unemployment and the inability of the government to provide basic social services are also some of the factors that provoked the persistence of the insurgents. In addition, foreign monopoly capitalism, which refers to the dominance of foreign monopolies in capitalist economies, made use of the Philippines as a source of cheap raw materials and as a free market where they can dump all surplus products at a very low price. Another factor that should be considered in answering the question why do the communist insurgents continue to persist is the social factors. In this aspect, the existence of social inequality, injustice, poverty and deprivation in the society are being regarded as a critical contributor to the existence of revolutionary movements. Social injustice and inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources and services, to delayed administration of justice, and greed for power and wealth that lead to violation of human rights. Furthermore, it includes the inefficiency of the government bureaucracy to implement laws that will protect the environment and will cater to the needs of the marginalized and indigenous cultural communities. Moreover, the lack of respect and recognition to ancestral domains as well as to indigenous cultural and political systems are also included here (Cusi, 1996). In a society where tremendous changes and advancement of technology is highly observable and practiced, tremendous exploitation of indigenous beliefs and ethnic practices is highly probable to occur. Such as in the case of the Philippines, the long-time experience of foreign colonial rule has been a big influence to our adherence to a Westernized type of culture leading us in patterning our own system of rules and beliefs to theirs. This in turn has caused the downfall of our native practices and the exploitation of indigenous peoples rights by the elites who are Filipinos themselves. Many rural places have been neglected by the national and local governments. Many people suffer from deprivation of basic services such as education and health. With these reasons, many Filipinos living in the countryside cannot surface themselves from the deepening roots of poverty for they do not have any alternative and choice. With the number of factors being mentioned above, the emergence and continued existence of the CPP-NPA insurgents is likely to occur. What other means is possible in order for the working class to be heard by this unjust society? For the party, no other way is effective enough but to form a revolutionary movement. The dream of the insurgents to achieve a classless society where people are equal, where people are given respect and dignity, where there is no foreign intervention, where people are able to achieve their highest possible esteem as a human being, where people are treated with reverence and exploitation is definitely out of the picture has motivated them to continue the struggle that they have been fighting for the past decades. In spite of the numerous crises that the party has been through, they have managed to continue their fight for a democratic revolution. With this, it is but necessary to enumerate and explain the strategies that the CPP-NPA has done throughout the years of their fight for a protracted peoples war. The overall objective of the communist insurgency movement is to overthrow the semi-colonial and semi-feudal system prevailing in the country. Apparently, the primary means seen by the party towards achieving such goal is through a democratic revolution. Sison (1971), as cited by Saulo, followed Mao Tse Tungs idea that a democratic revolution will only be successful through the involvement of three primary organizations namely: 1. a party that will provide the brain and overall leadership (CPP); 2. an army that will serve as the military force during armed encounters (NPA); and 3. a united front that will extend political influence, support and that will mobilize the masses (NDF). Weekley (2001) mentioned the primary strategy of the CPP-NPA-NDF which is composed of two major categories: 1. general strategies pertaining to the protracted war as a whole, and 2. particular or tactical strategies pertaining to individual counter campaigns covering a specific base area. The protracted armed struggle is the primary means of the movement to offset the government force, particularly the military which have the advantage of monopoly over firearm resources. This is done through conducting limited armed conflicts with the government troops in different localities, mostly mountainous area chosen by the insurgents themselves to ensure victory (Cusi. 1996; Kintanar, 1999). According to Weekley (2001), the strategy of a protracted peoples war involves 3 stages namely strategic defensive, strategic stalemate and strategic offensive. The initial strategy in conducting the protracted war starts at the countryside wherein the NPA forces try to establish as many rural bases as possible. They try to encircle the rural areas, where bulk of the peasant farmers and workers reside, so that they would be able to recruit more members that will strengthen their force. This strategy stemmed from the idea that people in remote areas are more vulnerable to radical thoughts and revolutionary ideas since most people living in there are poor and exploited because they can hardly feel the presence of government programs (Hoeksema, 1990). The strategic defensive stage is the critical part of party building, army building, base building and united front organizing. In this stage, the NPA initiates offensive steps by provoking the military troops to an armed encounter for the purpose of accumulating firearms and also to show the population that they have the capability of engaging in a war, to boost self-confidence and build up support perhaps. Also included in this stage is the strategy of conducting militant mass actions in urban centers simultaneously with the initiation of larger scale tactical offensiveness launched in the countryside (Cusi, 1996; Weekley, 2001). The strategic defensive stage basically aims to destabilize the military forces so that the insurgents could easily penetrate and mobilize the masses. On the other hand, the strategic stalemate stage is reached when the NPA forces reach parity with that of the military group. The NPA launch offensive operations in the form of ambush, attacks on AFP installations or captures of town halls. At this point, the NPA aims to match the manpower of the AFP since their attention is subdivided into the different disorders occurring all over the country (Cusi, 1996; Saulo, 1990). Finally, in the strategic offensive stage, the NPA conduct simultaneous military offensive techniques accompanied by general strikes, massive demonstrations, and sabotage activities in major cities while the AFP is on the defensive side trying to protect the towns, cities and major military installations. Aside from the general strategy of conducting a protracted peoples war, another one include those particular or tactical strategies pertaining to individual counter campaigns covering a specific base area. The members that are assigned to different areas carry the responsibility of enticing the people to join the movement. In this technique, cadres (mostly college graduates) educate the people about the prevailing system as well as the social injustices and inequality that are occurring in the country (Cusi, 1996). At this point, the researcher has already presented the different strategies that the CPP-NPA has done to achieve their main objective of a socialist society. The CPP-NPAs side has been thoroughly discussed in the above sections. How they manage to persist and continue their struggle up until the present time has always depended on the type of society that the Philippines adapt. Looking at the other side, the government on the other hand did not remain as mere passive observers of the insurgents existence. Using the AFP as the primary machinery, the government has been trying its best to combat the party through the conduct of counter-insurgency (COIN) measures (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993). The dictatorial regime of Ferdinand Marcos is the first administration to initiate counter-insurgency programs through security and development. Security, in this sense, refers to the efforts of the military to destroy the insurgents through clearing, mopping-up, and ranger-type operations. Because Marcos considered the insurgents as a threat to his regime, he used the iron hand technique in destroying the insurgents spreading forces. Development, on the other hand, refers to the measures implemented by Marcos which primarily addressed the root causes of insurgency. He strengthened the economic and socio-political structure of the society through programs that catered to development. The Republic Act 1700 or commonly known as the Anti-Subversion Law was implemented. Through this law, all communists, even those who are just suspected by the military, were put into prison. The Oplan Katatagan was another program implemented by Marcos that addressed belligerency primarily through gainin g the support of the people against the insurgents. However, the program failed because of military abuses thus paving the way for insurgency to grow extensively (Rocamora, 1994). After the martial rule of Marcos, the new set of AFP under the Aquino administration assessed the previous regimes strategy of combating insurgency. Hence, the Oplan Mamamayan counter-insurgency program was carried out. Under the said program, civilian volunteer organizations, territorial forces consisting of the PNP and paramilitary forces, and the mobile forces of the AFP were combined to form the Three-Tiered Defense System against the CPP-NPA (Cusi, 1996). According to Adriatico (2000), the joined forces of the three would have been effective if not again for the abuses of the AFP. In addition to the Oplan Mamamayan, the National Ceasefire Committee (NCC) was established and several ceasefire agreements between the insurgents and government have been tried to enact but apparently failed due to the instability of the AFP during those times (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993). The Ramos administration went one step farther in achieving peace and stability in the countryside. He debunked Marcos Anti-Subversion Law and released amnesty proclamations to the alleged rebels imprisoned during Marcos regime. The National Unification Commission (NUC) was formed whose task is to investigate all concerned sectors and then recommend probable peace negotiations to the Office of the President (Ferrer Raquiza, 1993). However, Ramos was not able to destroy the forces of the CPP-NPA due to a variety of reasons. The failure of the different regimes to address the problems of insurgency has added to the strength of the CPP-NPA. The insurgency continued to prevail along the remote areas adding more desperation to the AFP. In this light, the AFP came to the point of spreading black propaganda techniques against the party. But still, the CPP-NPA was able to counter those techniques and is still managing to continue their struggle for a socialist society (Dela Cruz, 2006). More than just a threat to national security, the emergence and continued persistence of the said organization could lead to other problems that may be more difficult to address if the government will not initiate genuine reforms. The persistence of the CPP-NPA i

The eight Stages of Development

The eight Stages of Development Article: A Personality Measure of Erikson ´s Life Stages: The Inventory of Psychosocial Balance Source: Journal of Personal Assessment, 1990 Summary: Theses article deals with all the eight Erikson ´s psychosocial stages. A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then factor analyzed. It focuses on life-span development. Due to this fact, the study reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to measure all eight stages, with a primary focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is composed of a scale development, subjects and a factor analysis. The analysis of Ericson`s eight stages resulted in an initial pool of 346 items, written to reflect both positive and negative aspects of the eight stages. Each item was five-point Likert response format ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5). In addition the pool was administered to 528 subjects. The sample was quite heterogeneous. The respondent had to rate 0%-100% scale, how successfully they had met each of 19 life challe nges for example productive person, trusting other people or loving someone etc. The 528 IPB protocols were submitted to a factor analysis using a principal component and a correlational analysis with self-ratings of life challenges. The factor analysis eight meaningful factors corresponding to the eight stage: trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity and ego integrity. The total variance accounted for by the eight factors is 72,34 %, with the trust factor having the largest percentage of variance (17,46%) and the Ego Integrity factor having the smallest (5,47%). The evidence presented suggests that the IPB is an psychometrically reliable and valid instrument to analyze life-span to approach personality development. The IPB shows adaptive range of subjects , from college age adolescents to elderly and its reliability and validity appear satisfactory. The IPB represents a vertical translation of Erikson`s psychosocial stages. 2. Article: Psychology Development and Friendship Functions in Adolescence Source: Sex Roles, Vol. 25 Summary: The articles is about the relationship between friendship variables and adolescent psychosocial development, in particular identity and psychosocial intimacy as focused by Erikson. This research includes sex differences. Erikson rather did not explicitly postulate differentepigenetic charts for males and females, nor did he suggest different processes for males and females in terms of movement through the experiences of crisis and commitment at each stage of development. The aim of the present research was to investigate different styles of identity and intimacy development through examination (a) of whether the sexes differed in their relative proportions across these different styles, and (b) whether specific friendship beliefs and characteristics were associated with the different styles. The styles were defined by establishing four groups based on high and low scoring on the identity and intimacy measures used. In fact, friendship patterns are likely to be relevant to both identity and intimacy formation, although their meanings and importance may well vary for males and females. One hypothesis tested in the present study, therefore, was that females and ma les would be unequally distributed across developmental style, with relatively more males choosing the High Identity road tomaturity and relatively more females the High Intimacy style. In contrast to this hypothesis the research shows that there were no differences between the sexes in their choice of developmental style. But those in the high-identity-high-intimacy and the high-identity-low-intimacy groups were more satisfied with their friendships, which appeared affectively richer. In addition the friendship during adolescence and youthhas an unique and important influence in the life of the individual. The research appears that there are differences between same- and opposite-sex friendships. Sex differences showed that while friendship variables were more strongly chained with development for boys, girls viewed their relationships as closer and imputed more importance to this closeness. The method is composed of a sample of secondary school students and college students. Subje cts were drawn from two secondary schools and two colleges, each ofthese institutions serving students from middle to lower middle class areas. The attendant were asked friendship questions, which were divided in four sections: Section ADemographic variables; Section BIntimacy and Identity scales; Section CGeneral friendship information; Section D-Specific best friend information. The total questionnaire took about 30 minutes to complete. For example in section B, the identity and intimacy measures administered were subscales of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. The EPSI is a self-report inventory that measures resolution of the conflicts associated with the first six of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from almost always true to hardly ever true. In order to investigate the relationships between two sets of friendship factors (General factors and Specific Close Friendship (Same Sex)) and other variables of concern, factor scores on eachfactor were computed, using the regression method. In conclusion friendship and romantic relationships developed with psychosocial maturity, independently (as far as can be judged by this research), but not as alternatives. 3. Article: Generativity Versus Stagnation: An Elaboration of Eriksons Adult Stage of Human Development Source: Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2003 Summary: This research focuses on the adult stage of generativity vs. stagnation by Erikson`s psychosocial development. The research offers new concepts which are associated to Eriksons theory of development in the form of 7 psychosocial conflicts. The stage of generativity versus stagnation represents the major conflict of adulthood. The research starts with an Eriksonian viewpoint, and then, makes changes to argue for a competing conception, which could be understood within Eriksons original proposal and placed within the developmental chart. The research appears a tentative explanation of how each major stage of development takes form during adulthood and it also shows an impression of how these conflicts fill out Eriksons theory. 7 psychosocial conflicts are analyzed: inclusivity vs. exclusivity, pride vs. embarrassment, responsibility vs. ambivalence, career productivity vs. inadequacy, parenthood vs. self-absorption, being needed vs. alienation, and honesty vs. denial. Each conflict is connected to one of Eriksons other stages of development. The analyze try to enlarge Ericson`s 7 conflicts. In conclusion the conflicts could be defined empirically and validated by connecting them with other measures of ego development and generativity. The conflicts and crises of adulthood could be made more clear and at the same time more complex by using the humanities to draw out and illustrate the ramifications of each conflict. There is also a need to connect these ideas with history and broader societal issues. 4. Article: Development and Validation of a Measure of Eriksonian Industry Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, Col. 60, No. 3, 390-397 Summary: This study place emphasis on the fourth stage of Erikson`s psychosocial development: industry-inferiority. Operationalization of the industry construct was begun by describing it as consisting of three components: skills and knowledge, their application, and affective experience of their acquisition and application in useful directions. These components span the cognitive (Component 1: skills and knowledge), behavioral (Component 2: Application of Skills and Knowledge) and affective domains (Component 3: Attitudes Toward and Experience of the Acquisition and Application of Skills and Knowledge). The process of demonstrating predictive validity for the current measure, a step on the way to establishing construct validity for the concept of industry, consisted of several procedures. The first involved determining the conceptual validity of the current definition of industry by correlating each componentscore both with each other and with the overall mean industry score. Second, childrens own industry scores were correlated with those provided by two categories of observers, teachers and parents. Third, seven variables were selected in order to assess the predictive validity of the new industry measure. Three of these were behavioral and four were based on test responses. The first behavioral measure for example involved observation of classroom behavior, that is, on-task versus off-task performance. Four other variables were formed by items embedded in the Childrens Industry questionnaire (CIQ) and were based on Eriksons theoretical descriptions of correlates to a sense of ind ustry. The final subject pool of this research consisted of 187 pupils from eight classrooms in three public elementary schools. There were 101 boys (54%) and 86 girls (46%). The age range was 8.6-12.8 years. The CIQ as a measure consisted of 47 items assessing the three components of the industry construct and 22 items measuring the expected correlates of industry. Three response modes were used with the CIQ. The most prevalent form (54 items) was the structured alternative format developed by Harter (1982). The child is asked first to decide which kind of child he or she is most like by choosing the child described on the left or right. Once the choice is made, the child is required to decide the extent to which the description is true for him or her on a scale ranging from 1 to 4that is, sort of true or really true, and so fortha score of 1 indicating the lower levels of the industry construct. The second response mode on the CIQ was multiple choice. The third CIQ response mode was open-ended questions. In addition there were used a Teacher Industry questionnaire (TIQ) and a Parent Industry questionnaire (PIQ). In conclusion current findings are generally supportive of the present definition of industry and this measure of it. Significant agreement between different categories of observers, making observations in a number of different ways, and the industry measure was consistently obtained. Results of the present study provide a solid beginning to the process of validating the construct of industry. 5. Article: Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage Author: Cynthia Brown, Michael J. Lowis Department of Psychology, University College Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton, England. Source: Journal of Aging Studies 17 (2003) 415-426 Summary: In their article Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage the authors Brown and Lowis want to figure out the exist of a ninth stage regarding to Joan Eriksons suggestion. Because of an increasing number of old people especially in developed countries like Germany or Japan it is necessary to do a research about this. In the end an older society provide new demands, reevaluations and daily difficulties. Even Erik Erikson saw personality as a lifelong developmental process but his theory ends with the eight stage ego integrity versus despair at the age of 65. For their research the authors used a self-report survey with individuals either completing questionnaires themselves or being assisted to do so through closed question interviews. The responses were suitable for coding and subsequent quantitative analysis. Additional qualitative data were obtained through open questions. As a result they found out that the Stage 9 scores for participants aged in their 80s/90s are significantly higher than for those aged in their 60s, but there is no significant difference between Stage 8 scores for the two age groups. But these findings can only be generalized to a wider population when they are confirmed by additional research: the present participants did embrace a range of ages, locations, and living arrangements, but comprised females only, and numbered just 70 individuals in total. Nevertheless the authors produced an instrument that has reliably measured a variable that reaches its ascendancy at an age beyond that normally ascribed to the developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. And if confirmed, the existence of a Stage 9 would suggest that human beings remain in a situation of potential psychological growth throughout their life span. 6. Article: Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development and Career Development Author: Patrick H. Munley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, New, Jersey Source: Journal of Vocational Behavior 10, 261-269 (1977) Summary: In this article the author figures out some of the contributions of Erik Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development in providing a developmental perspective on career behavior. First he describes Eriksons Theory of the eight life stages. In his opinion the development of basic senses of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity all seem to be especially relevant to career development behavior. The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development. Furthermore Eriksons theory recognizes the role of social and cultural factors in relationship to life cycle development and provides a theoretical framework for integrating research findings on the sociology of career behavior which was already shown by several researches. A third contribution of Eriksons theory is that of the identity crisis and ego identity. Making a vocational choice or commitment is often the first important decision marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Thats the reason why one of the major tasks through which identity concerns are expressed in adolescence is the process of making a vocational choice. For example A person who is undecided in terms of career may not just be undecided about a vocation. He may be in the midst of an overall identity crisis. On the other side a person who has a sense of ego identity is probably more able to make appropriate vocational decisions and choices. At the end the author concluded that from both a theoretical and empirical point of view, Eriksons theory seems to provide a promising perspective for viewing career development. He said that The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development and makes a contribution toward offering a perspective for integrating social factors and personality development with career development. 7. Article: The Recovery Process Utilizing Eriksons Stages of Human Development Author: Suzanne E. Vogel-Scibilia, Kathryn Cohan McNulty, Beth Baxter, Steve Miller, Max Dine, Frederick J. Frese III Source: Community Ment Health J (2009) 45:405-414 Summary: The authors offer a psycho-developmental model that parallels Erik Eriksons theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric recovery involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. They integrated all the following fundamental components of recovery which were identified by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2005) into this developmental model: self-direction, individualized and person-centered, empowerment, holistic, non-linear, strength-based, peer-support, respect, responsibility and hope. In the eyes of the authors this builds an understandable, practical framework that allows transformation of traditional programs and therapeutic contacts into recovery-oriented services. The authors propose eight opportunities to resolve conflict in the service of personal growth and development, which parallels Eriksons eight stages. The eight stages are: Trust versus Doubt, Hope versus Shame, Empowerment versus Guilt, Action versus Ina ction, New self versus Sick self, Intimacy versus Isolation, Purpose versus Passivity Generativity and Integrity versus Despair. Based on these eight stages and on Eriksons stages of development they explain and compare the different recovery stages regarding to the recovery process of people. 8. Article: Identity Status Theory and Eriksons Theory: Communalities and Differences Author: Alan S. Waierman, Trenton State College Source: Developmental Review 8, 185-208 (1988) Summary: In this article the author outline the critique of Cà ´tà © and Levine on the identity status theory developed by James Marcia and he compares the theory with Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development. Marcias theory provides four statements: Identity Diffusion (the status in which the adolescent doesnt have a sense of having choices), Identity Foreclosure (the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future), Identity Moratorium (the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices) and Identity Achievement (the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity) , which differ in some important respects from that used by Erikson. The author says that there is basic agreement regarding the construct of identity itself. Erikson, Marcia and other authors using the identity status paradigm are all grasping for the same phenomenon. Furthermore they are the same opinion regarding to the domains in an individuals life that provide the context within which a persons sense of identity is formed. These include vocational choice, religious beliefs, political ideology, sex-role attitudes, and spousal and parenting roles. These are only two communalities of seven which the author claims. But there are also differences between these two theories. First he says that There is a wide divergence between Erikson and the identity status theorists using the identity status paradigm, regarding the viability and utility of the psychoanalytic framework within which the construct of ego identity was originally developed. The next difference is that the identity status paradigm explicitly addresses the more conscious aspects of the task of identity formation which is related to the rejection of psychoanalytic theory by man y identity status theorists and researchers and in contrast to Erikson. There are five more differences which the author figures out in his article. And the end of his article he gives a forecast on identity research. 9. Article : Personality Theories Erik Erikson Author : Dr.C George Boeree From Shippensburg University Source : Original E-Text-Site: [ http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html ] Summary : Oglala Lagota, Among the Oglala Lagota, it was traditional for an young teenage or adolescent to go off on his own. Everybody got a dream, you got a dream and I got a dreams. In some case, the dream would lead us into the realm of controlled deviations among the everybody. Eight states start from infancy on the oral sensory state, the second is the anal muscular stage, third state is genital-locomotor stage or play age, fourth state is the latency stage or school age child from 6-12, five state is adolescence. Its beginning with puverty and ending around 18 for 20 years old, six I dont know what stage name, writer not giving it. Which lasts from about 18 to about 30. The ages in the adult stage are mush fuzzier than in the childhood stages. And people may differ dramatically. 7 stage is that of middle adulthood. The middle life crisis, if you success at this stage, you will have a capacity for carring that serve you through the rest of your life. Reffered to delicalely as late adulth ood or maturity, or less delicately as old ages of last stage, begins sometimes around you retirement after the kids have gone say somewhere around 60. Its the stage just see the good thing and bad. 10. Article : Using Erikson to Work More Effectively with Teenage Parents Author : Lorraine DeJong Source : www.naeyc.org/resources/journal. Summary : According to the article, its talk about the using Ericksons theory to tech young mothers. If we see in article, well know more of quantity of teenager parent in U.S.A. Its very big problem because of the rate of pregnancy in teenagers become higher and it will be a social problem. But how Ericksons theory concern with this article? The writer gives the idea that it can help teacher understand teenager parent emotion and the need of them. The writer selects the stage 1 to 5 because it concern about teenager ages. Stage1 is talk about infancy. If the teenager lacking a trust in the world, it will effect to her baby, she will reject advice of teacher. Stage2-Toddlerhood, if young mother grow without responsibility, she may reprove about her difficulties. May be she wont take care of her child. Stage3-Preschoolyears, without the positive guide line in this stage, an adolescent may luck in basic sense of inquisitiveness, ambition, and empathy, she may not interest in her child. Stage4-School-ageyears, if teenager fails in success in this stage, she may feels incompetent and inferior. And the last-Adolescence, everything depend on the past if they didnt get trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry, they may show behavior that hazard for positive identity development. After the effect of Ericksons theory of teenager parent, a writer gives the suggestion for developing trust; autonomy, initiative, and industry such as find the way to indentify teenager, train teenagers show and manger responsibility, and etc. If adolescence mother have a good personality development technique, she will care about her responsibility to take care her child. Its very important to consider because every stage have a meaning in term of them, if it lack or gone, it will affect to feeling of the mothers and the problem will on children. 11.Article : Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity: Modeling Eriksons Core Stages Over 34 Years. Author : Joel R. Sneed, Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Michelle E. Culang Source : Summary For this article, Writers study in Erikson development stages in term of core stage that consist of stage1, stage5, and stage8. Stage1-Trust that study in term of continuity and wholeness in the self and in another. Stage5-identity that study in the self and social. And the last is Ego integrity that study about exceeds of individual lifecycle. They take a hypothesis to examine the last investigations on the RALS that results are as follow: Stage1 is stable from ages 20 to 42, increasing in stage5 for ages 20 to 31 but stable in ages 31 to 42 and the last stage8 decreases in ages 31 to 42. After they use multilevel modeling testing, writers found the difference development trajectories across child and middle adulthood in each core stage. The first stage, writers predict endure stable over adult but after testing, the value increases in trust over a 34-year period. And next is stage5 follow Erikson set the time of the Identity ages 20 to beyond, but the present test show that substantial not occur until the late of ages 20 and early ages 30. And the last is stage8 that it value is decreasing. But in fact it will increase that affect from environment on personality. 12.Article : Eccles Development of Children Ages 6-14. Author : Jacquelynne S. Eccles Source : The Future of Children WHEN SCHOOL IS OUT Vol. 9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No. 2 Fall 1999 Summary : This article summarized stage 4 of Ericson, the major developmental change that take place from 6-14 years old. Both article provide an overview of the kind of biological, psychological, and social changes that characterize the years between 6 to 14 for article from Eccles to facilities the our research. For children years in stage 4 is a critical period to knowing themselves. And during this time, children will grow to adults who have the power, have a freedom, feel free to participate in family. Physical insight will change the mental condition. A social role will change and pass quickly when they enter the school or doing activities with other outside the family. During mid-childhood,, they will begin to compare themselves with other, they expect success and failure, they might develop and transition to other challenges in many years. During early adolescence is they will confuse with physical and the social theat change from the start. They have a freedom and distance between the family. Meanwhile, the problem may occur. They may lose of confidence and have a negatives behavior such as abandonment of duty or resigned from the school. 13. Article : College-Educated Womens Personality Development in Adulthood: Perceptions and Age Differences Author : Alyssa N. Zucker et all Source : Journal of Adult Development, 8, p. 28. Summary : The researcher study the different between the perception of women in each age groups. Procedures and level of personality development in social change. And they recognize that confidence in each age range. The specific timing and different forms in adults and children. Research to look for reasons and what limits to reflect the development of personality in the beginning to the end of life. Characteristics of personality development in the next phase of maturity We use the information for the study of the College of Education to consider the possibility that adults are better developed. The development will be personality kick picture pros and cons are different. Women are more concerned than men. Concerns that arise are the future, career, financial, and family. Even maternity Developed differently in each generation. Women age 40-60. Will develop faster in women age 20. State conditions because of different concerns of people in each generation. A group of teenagers are relatively private world is much less likely to develop their own personality to fit the outside world. Development must have their own ways to develop the correct principles of personal. 14. Article : From Trust to Intimacy: A New Inventory for Examining Eriksons Stages of Psychosociai Development Author : Doreen A. Rosenthal, 1.4 Ross M. Gurney, 2 and Susan M. Moore 3 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981 Summary : Trust to intimacy is related to the six stages of Eriksons is the relationship of each stage the adolescent ,adulthood the adjustment of adolescents in terms of differences in race thought and attitude comparison of thought , maturity , moral and the decision of the human of each stage. The some information from researchers, other who have. Both the consistent and distinctive have a reasons for supporting the theory of them self. The attitude, ethics of each stage is different. The problem of behavior or personality of human and experienced is effect on the cause of the research or evidence that the theory is accepted six stage of Erikson 15. Article : The Learning Disabled Adolescent: Eriksonian Psychosocial Development, Self-Concept, and Delinquent Behavior Author : Daniel B. Pickar and Christopher D. Tori Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1986 Summary : This journal study about disabled adolescents on three variables: Eriksons stages of psychosocial development, self-concept, and delinquent behavior. It was predicted that learning disabled adolescents would show significantly less resolution of Eriksons fourth stage, industry versus inferiority The researchers focus on the affective and motivational and use Eriksons psychosocial theory to understanding the social and emotional difficulties of learning disable adolescence. The development of an adequate feeling of competence is the critical task of a sense development and the effective in interactions with the environment. The researcher use statistical standard of Two-way ANOVA concern with the EPSI data, The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and Delinquency Checklist. To find to result of significant of gender effect between learning disable and non-learning disable groups. Measure the significant of group and gender interaction. The comparison group of the self-concept of learning disabled adolescents showed that these youngsters self-concept was not significantly different than nondisabled but learning disabilities are significantly related to juvenile delinquency. Hypothesized that learning disabled adolescents would demonstrate more negative self-concept and report more delinquent behavior than their nondisabled peers. The hypothesis that learning disabled adolescents would engage in more delinquent behavior than nondisabled adolescents was not supported. The self-report delinquency data indicated that learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents participated in the same kinds and amounts of delinquent behavior. The results of this study to provide more understanding of the psychosocial development of adolescence on different variables. 16. Article : The Course and Psychosocial Correlates of Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence: Eriksons Developmental Theory Revisited Author : Thomas N. Crawford,1 Patricia Cohen,2 Jeffrey G. Johnson,3 Joel R. Sneed,4 and Judith S. Brook5 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 373-387 ( C _ 2004) Summary : Researchers focus on personality disorder in adolescents have been related with developmental patterns of behavior measured with dimensional symptom scales, personality disturbances are age-related trends in personality development. How it reflect to developmental processes in long-term risks for personality development. To understanding of how personality disorders impact on normal psychosocial development, this study used longitudinal data from a community sample to track declines in personality disorder symptoms from early adolescence to young adulthood. They used it to formulate hypotheses about how personality disorders would impact on the normative tasks of adolescence and young adulthood: (1) developing an internal sense of well-being through the consolidation of identity and (2) establishing intimacy in the form of lasting and committed romantic relationships. Although researchers now agree that identity formulation is a life-long process, adolescence and young adulthood provide the first real opportunity to develop a sense of continuity with the past, meaning in the present, and direction for the future. Identity consolidation thus emerges as the cornerstone of the capacity to do well and forms the basis of self-acceptance and self-esteem. Identity diffusion is known to share many characteristics with personality disorder symptoms according to a community-based sample of adolescents to determine whether age-related declines in Axis II symptoms are related with increases in well-being during adolescence and interpersonal intimacy during adulthood to focus on borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms (Cluster B symptoms). Two groups of sample were investigated to determine if age-related declines in Cluster B symptoms are associated with increases in well-being and interpersonal intimacy during adolescence and early adulthood. To the extent that personality disor